Abbott RD, Donahue RP, Kannel WB, Wilson PW. The impact of diabetes on survival following myocardial infarction in men vs women: the Framingham Study. JAMA 1989;261:1884.
Alberti KGMM. The diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Voice, Bulletin of the International Diabetes Federation 1999;44:35-41.
American Diabetes Association; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease; American Heart Association. Diabetes mellitus: a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Circulation 1999;100:1132-1133.
BARI investigators. Influence of diabetes on five-year mortality and morbidity in a randomized trial comparing CABG and PTCA in patients with multivessel disease. Circulation 1997;96:1761-1769.
Barnett AH, Dodson PM, et al. Hypertension and Diabetes. Science Press, London, 2000.
Biermann EL. Atherogenesis in diabetes (Review). Arterioscler Thromb 1992;12:647-656.
D'Agostino RB, Russell MW, Huse DM, et al. Primary and subsequent coronary risk appraisal: new results from the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 2000;139:272-281.
Detre KM, Lombardero MS, Brooks MM, et al. The effect of previous coronary-artery bypass surgery on the prognosis of patients with diabetes who have acute myocardial infarction. NEJM 2000;342:989-997.
Eckel RH, et al. Natural history of macrovascular disease and classic risk factors for atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care 1999;22(suppl 3):C21-C24.
European Diabetes Policy Group. Guidelines for a desktop guide to type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1998-1999, International Diabetes Federation European Region. Diabetic Medicine 1999;16:1-21.
Fitzgerald AP, Jarrett RJ. Are conventional risk factors for mortality relevant in type 2 diabetes? Diabetic Medicine 1991;8:475-480.
Friedland DJ. Guide for assessing the validity of a study. In: Friedland DJ, Go AS, Davoren JB, et al (eds). Evidence-Based Medicine. Stamford, Appleton & Lange 1998;153-182.
Goldberg RA. Cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. Med Clin North Am 2000;84:81-93.
Grundy SM, Benjamin IJ, Burke GL, et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1999;100:1134-1146.
Gu K, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Diabetes and decline in heart disease mortality in US adults. JAMA 1999;281:1291-1297.
Haffner SM, D'Agostino RB, Mykkanen L, et al. Insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Relationship to cardiovascular risk factors: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 1999;22:562-568.
Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without previous myocardial infarction. NEJM 1998;339:229-234.
Hamalainen H, Aunola S, Rastas M, Marniemi J, Tuomilehto J. Improved glucose tolerance and fibrinolysis by an intensive lifestyle intervention in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2000;50(Suppl):P474.
Hanefeld M, Fischer S, Julius U, et al. Risk factors for myocardial infarction and death in newly detected NIDDM: the Diabetes Intervention Study, 11-year follow-up. Diabetologia 1996;39:1577-1583.
Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, Menard J, Rahn KH, Wedel H, Westerling S. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering and low dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet 1998;351:1755-1762.
Harpaz D, Gottlieb S, Graff E, Boyko V, Kishon Y, Behar S (for the Israeli Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study Group). Effects of aspirin treatment on survival in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Med 1998;105:494-499.
Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and the MICRO-HOPE sub-study. Lancet 2000;355:253-259.
Herliz J, Karlson BW, Edwardsson N, Emanuelson H, Hjalmarson A. Prognosis in diabetics with chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology 1992;80:237-45.
Hoogeven EK, Kostense PJ, Jakobs C, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia increases risk of death, especially in type 2 diabetes. 5-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Circulation 2000;101:1506-1511.
International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas 2000. 2000.
International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Health Economics: Facts, Figures and Forecasts. 1999.
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Bulletin. 1997;42(suppl).
Jarrett RJ, Viberti GC, Argyropoulos A, et al. Microalbuminuria predicts mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 1984;1:17-19.
Kannel WB. Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor. JAMA 1996;275:1581-1578.
Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. JAMA 1979;241:2035-2038.
Kannel WB, Wilson PW, Zhang TJ. The epidemiology of impaired glucose tolerance and hypertension. Am Heart J 1991;121:1268-1273.
Keen H, et al. WHO study on vascular complications in diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1985;28:615-640.
Kendall MJ, Lynch KP, Hjalmarson A and Kjekshus J. b-blockers and sudden cardiac death. Ann Int Med 1995;123:358-367.
Malmberg K, Rydén L, Efendic S, Herlitz J, Nicol P, Waldenstrom A, et al. Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year. Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:57-65.
Malmberg K, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC, Borwn J, Zhao F, Hunt D, Piegas L, Calvin J, Keltai M, Budaj A for the OASIS Registry Investigators. Impact of diabetes on long-term prognosis in patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the OASIS (Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes) Registry. Circulation 2000;102:1014-1019.
Marso SP, Ellis SG, Gurm HS, et al. Proteinuria is a key determinant of death in patients with diabetes after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. Am Heart J 2000;139:939-944.
Marso SP, Lincoff AM, Ellis SG, et al. Optimizing the percutaneous interventional outcomes for patients with diabetes mellitus. Results of the EPISTENT diabetic substudy. Circulation 1999;100:2477-2484.
Miettinen H, Lehto S, Salomaa VV, et al. Impact of diabetes on mortality after the first myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care 1998;21:69-75.
Morishita E, Asakura H, Jokaji H, et al. Hypercoagulability and high lipoprotein (a) levels in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 1996;120:7-14.
Niskanen LK, Penttilla I, Parviainen M, et al. Evolution, risk factors and prognostic implications of albuminuria in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1996;19:486-493.
Pearson TA (Chairman). Workshop V – What is a risk factor and what is not – Theoretical and practical implications. Am J Med 1991;90(suppl 2A):50S-52S.
Pyörälä K, Laakso M, Uusitupa M. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: an epidemiologic review (Review). Diabetes Metab Rev 1987;3:463-524.
Savage PJ. Cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus: what we know and what we need to know about their prevention. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:123-126.
Simons LA, Simons J. Diabetes and coronary heart disease. NEJM 1998;339:1714-1715.
Stamler, J Neaton JD, Vaccaro O, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors and 12-year cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993;16(2):434-444.
Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000;321:405-412.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998;352:854-865.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. BMJ 1998;317:703-713.
Walker RW, et al. Stroke mortality in urban and rural Tanzania. Lancet 2000;355:1684-1687.
Wilson WP, Kannel WB... In: Hyperglycemia, Diabetes and Vascular Disease. Ruderman N, et al (eds). Oxford, 1992.
Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E. Heart disease and diabetes. In: Harris MI. Diabetes in America (2nd ed), Ed Washington, DC, US Govt Printing Office, 1995;429-448.
World Health Organization. World Health Statistics Annual. WHO, Geneva, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996.
Yudkin JS, Chaturvedi N. Developing risk stratification charts for diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabetic Medicine 1999;16:219-227.
Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. NEJM 2000;342(3):145-53.
Zuanetti G, Latini R, Maggioni AP, et al. Effect of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril on mortality in diabetic patients with acute myocardia